Opioids are a family of drugs used therapeutically to treat pain that also produce a sensation of euphoria if used in higher doses. They are derived from the poppy plant (opium) or produced in the lab (for example morphine, oxycodone, hydromorphone and fentanyl). Chronic repeated use of opioids can lead to tolerance, physical dependence and addiction. When these medications are abused, they are commonly snorted, smoked or injected for an immediate euphoria.

Methadone is an oral medication used to treat opioid use disorder. It is a long acting opioid powder that is dissolved in an orange drink and dispensed by the pharmacist. The medication will last 24 hours when a stable dose has been identified. The dosage for each patient is carefully customized, typically during the first 1 or 2 months of treatment. By taking the place of illicit opioids, methadone prevents craving and withdrawal symptoms. People report feeling normal, functional and having a clear mind all day long. This can allow those in treatment to focus on therapy and establish a strong basis for recovery. Methadone appears to be the most effective option for patients with a severe opioid use disorder and IV users.

Research has shown that with or without psychosocial support, Methadone and Suboxone are effective treatments for opioid use disorder. Methadone is a synthetic opioid medication used to reduce withdrawal and is used to help stabilize and facilitate recovery among those suffering from opioid use disorders. Suboxone is also used to treat opioid use disorder. The active ingredients of Suboxone are buprenorphine (a semi-synthetic opioid) and naloxone. This mixture is intended to reduce cravings while preventing misuse of the medication.

The DSM-5 has eleven criteria, or symptoms, for substance use disorders based on decades of research. The DSM-5 has helped change how we think about addictions by not overly focusing on withdrawal.